EARTH - General Information

Earth, also called the world and, less frequently, Gaia (and Terra in some works of science fiction) is the third planet from the sun, the densest planet in the solar system, largest of the solar system's four terrestrial planets, and the only astronomical object known to accommodate life. The earliest life on Earth arose at least 3.5 billion years ago. Earth's biodiversity has expanded continually except when interrupted by mass extinctions. Although scholars estimate that over 99 percent of all species of life (over five billion) that ever lived on Earth are extinct, there are still an estimated 10-14 million extant species, of which about 1.2 million have been documented  and over 86 percent have not yet been described. Over 7.3 billion humans live on Earth and depend on its  biosphere and minerals for their survival. Earth's human population is divided among about two hundred sovereign states which interact through diplomacy, conflict, travel, trade and communication media.

According to the evidence from radiometric dating and others sources, Earth was formed about 4.54 billion years ago. Within its first  billion years, life appeared in its oceans and began to affect its atmosphere and surface, promoting the proliferation of aerobic as well as anaerobic organisms and causing the formation of the atmosphere's ozone layer. This layer and the geomagnetic field blocked the most life-threatening parts of the Sun's radiation, so life was able to flourish on land as well as in water. Since then, the combination of Earth's distant from the Sun, its physical properties and it geological history have allowed life to thrive and evolve.

Earth's lithosphere is divided into several rigid tectonic plates that migrate across the surface over periods of many million years. Seventy-one percent of Earth's surface is covered with water, with the remainder consisting of continents and islands that together have many lakes and others sources of water that contribute to the hydrosphere. Earth's interior remains active with a solid iron inner core, a liquid outer core that generates the magnetic field, and a think layer of relatively solid mantle.

Earth's gravitational interacts with other objects in space, especially the Sun and the Moon. During one orbit around the Sun, Earth rotates about its own axis 366.26 times, creating 365.26 solar days or one sidereal year. Earth's axis of rotation is tilted 23.4 degree away from the perpendicular of its orbital plane, producing seasonal variation on the planet's surface with a period of one tropical year (365.24 solar days).The Moon is Earth's only permanent satellite. It began orbiting Earth about 4.53 billion years ago. The Moon's gravitational interaction with Earth stimulates ocean tides, stabilizes the axial tilt and gradually slows the planet's rotation.